Nature vs Nurture Essay Example for Free

Nature vs Nurture EssayEvolution vs. creationism, pro extract vs. pro life, nature vs. nurture, etc , these issues ordain al behaviors be debatable. These controversial issues leave alone always divide the population up. Many people tend to put all their beliefsin science or religion. All are highly controversial and leave be a major concern until the end of time. Nature is considered your genetic characteristics thatwere given to you at the time of conception. There are strong beliefs that if mama does it, you will do it. The individuals that truly believe this ideado tend to follow the footsteps of their parents. Individuals that are not strong enough to surpass their environment willalways fall into this category of prejudice from the environment. Traditionally, genetic science characteristics are considered stable and uncontrollable (Jayaratne, et al. , 2009, p. 25). That is saying that a person cant control the turn out of their life because it has been etched in stone and there is nothing they can do about it.Nurture is considered to be the environmental characteristics that surround an individual. Our environment plays a big role in the way our lives unfold over time. Many believe that you can be nurtured to act a certain way or accomplish certain goals in a lifetime. Environmental causes vary more in terms of how much stability and controllability they typically involve, unlike the genetic factors (p. 25). If youre brought up in a respectable environment, you can usually control what course you are going to take in life. There is plenty conversations about nature and nurture.There are some(prenominal) characteristics that we get from nature and there many characteristics that we get from nurture. Even though we can be taught to act a certain way or do certain things, it is our choice to either go with the flow or create your own destiny. Just because we have good genes and a stable environment, doesnt basal that were are going to be set up f or greatness. We have to choose what we want in life. With that being utter, characteristics that result from having a choice are said to be malleable and controllable (Jayaratne, et al., 2009).In my personal experiences, I can say that I was given natural family characteristics, nurtured by my surroundings, and chose to take my own direction through life. I do agree with Lev Vygotskys sociocultural theory. According to Vygotsky, development of an individual involves a child having interactions with other persons (Crandell, Crandell, Vander Zanden, 2009). With having social interactions, this gives you a choice on what you want to do with your life.You can have the natural characteristics of your family, be nurtured by your surroundings, but it is your choice to go with the norm, follow your surroundings, or go in a totally different direction. References Crandell, T. L. , Crandell, C. H. , Vander Zanden, J. W. (2009). Human development ( 9thed). New York McGraw Hill. Jayaratne, T. E. , Gelman, S. A. , Feldbaum, M. , Sheldon, J. P. , Petty, E. M. , Kardia, S. L. R. (2009). The Perennial Debate Nature, Nurture, or Choice? Black and White Americans Explanations for Individual Differences. Review of worldwide Psychology. 13(1), 24-33.

Studio Art Essay Example for Free

Studio Art EssayGraffiti originated in novel York in the late 1970s. It st subterfugeed off with locals writing their names on walls and subway train just for fame. Before and after that though there were other types of graffito such as political statements. Graffiti these days is mostly tagging which is the act of marking a surface with a quick scrawl, stencils ar common in the city and large aerosol pieces are usually found a coherentside train lines. The main issue dealing with graffito these days is how to prevent it. At the same time there are p artistryies that argue we need graffito and it is an substantial form of art.Most people trying to prevent graffiti are usually only against the art being produced illegally, that is on private property without permission of the owner. The main argument against graffiti is that it is mainly tagging and it has no brains behind it all. none of it has any meaning. It is so called art that is only for the hip-hop community. The tags make every trim downg look disgusting because it is messy and unreadable. It gives the impression that the councils do not care. It costs around $200,000 a year to remove from walls and public transport, this money could be better spent.Graffiti is a crime and attracts more crime and gangs. Owners that have had their property vandilised by graffiti artists would want to move some where else. Graffiti on shop windows is bad business. There have been a range of ideas presented to support graffiti in a good way and prevent it from occurring illegally. Ideas already in practice are ? Designating high tolerance zones in lanes in Melbourne CBD (Central Business District), such as Hosier Lane. The object of high tolerance zones is to keep graffiti on the streets and not remove it.Artists will be attracted to use the lane to exhibit their art instead of commercial message and public buildings. ?Legal murals have been encouraged by councils. This aims keep people interested in the graffi ti style of art still on a legal level. ?Exhibitions are held frequently at places such as Kent Street Cafes Early Space and the Meatmarket that show graffiti related art work and art done by present and former graffiti artist. Artwork on exhibition is hardly ever tagging, but other forms of graffiti such a stencils, stickers, posters and aerosol pieces.This is aiming to move graffiti art from a street level to a professional level that can be used in the art industry. Councils aim to remove fresh graffiti from public transport within 24 hours. This aims to lower vandals moral and send the message that what they do will not stay so there is no calculate in doing it. Debates on whether or not graffiti is an actual art and what to do to prevent move up in news make-ups. In articles such as Graffiti Crimes from The Age (Melbourne) magazine and Graffiti Plan Ridiculous from the MX paper the writers have very in-your-face and unfriendly tones.In Graffiti Plan Ridiculous the writer is actually attacking a writer of a previous letter that suggested everyone entering the CBD essential show ID and proof of address. The idea goes with out saying that is ridiculous. There was really no need to lunch an attack just for suggesting it. This shows that tempers are wearing thin on the issue and it is creating a lot of hostility. The article A Display Of Culture by Renae Payne shows the contention of graffiti artists that consider the art as an important part of youth and hip-hop culture. All the artists are in favor of getting legal support from councils.PERSONAL OPINION ? James Borg I turn over that graffiti is an art, always has been and always will be. The same can be argued slightly Marcel Duchamps Urinal as it is not a traditional form of art and can be dealn as an insult. If a urinal or scribble on a wall can be art then any liaison can be art. Something becomes art when it is taken out of context. In the case of graffiti, in all its forms, text and images that are made to be contained on paper and private places are put onto public surfaces. Just because I think graffiti is a form of art does not mean it is not ugly.I think some art in galleries can be very ugly, just because I dont like the look of it doesnt mean everyone does not like it. I have very high expectations of graffiti art. The placement of graffiti art is crucial. The high-tolerance zones are a good idea because all the good art is turn in one spot, any one can add their own work to it and no one gets in trouble. Legal murals everywhere are the beat out because the graffiti does not have to be secluded to a small lane and it encourages more legal murals. Legal murals hardly get vandalised.Illegal graffiti in certain areas definitely destroys the area in a lot of ways. If a wall gets crowded with graffiti it will attract more graffiti, some times of much lower quality. Some times better artists will add their work. Either way the public do not want to see it. I can not say I would like or not. If it were just tags I wouldnt, depends on what it looks like. Fences that run parallel with train lines are unendingly being graffitied. Artists want their work on these walls because people hundreds of people catch the train everyday and see their work.If these walls were legalised the amount of illegal graffiti would probably be reduced by more than half. There are a lot of already legal walls on the train line and most of the time artists contend the owner if their wall can be painted. This should be encouraged. I like the whole style of the graffiti pieces and the elements used. I am not concerned about trying to get illegal graffiti recognised as a professional art form in the industry. Graffiti was meant to be illegal, thats the whole point of it. Illegal work will never be appreciated totally by critics because there are too many negatives.Art works in galleries that are based on graffiti might look good but technically it is not graffiti. I will supp ort it as long as it stays creative. I have pretty much grown out of liking graffiti anyway because it is all the same really. I make that it does more harm than good and it has lost its meaning, even though it started off putting a name up for fame. Stencil art is good but a lot of it lacks skill and originality. The only way illegal graffiti artists will get properly recognised is by doing legal work.

Stresses for Trainee Counselling Psychologists | Review

Stresses for Trainee Counselling Psychologists ReviewTitle A critical commentary on the following research paperKumary, A Martyn, B. (2008) Stresses reported by UK trainee focusing psychologists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, March 2119-28The prospect of entering whatsoever postgraduate training program piece of tail often be intimidating. Not all due to the academician commitment required, moreover because of the emotional demands and potential financial stranglehold placed on a student. These issues alone can leave trainees in both(prenominal) hash out and advertd mental professions vulnerable to sift, which can non only damage the well- creation of the student, but lower the overall quality of pity experienced by patients when trainees argon on placement (Cushway Tyler 1996 Kumary Baker 2008).Kumary Martyns make the simple argument, based loosely around Crushways (1992) flying field of UK clinical psychological science trainees, that thither be cay aspects of training that adjoin on self-reported stress levels. These included poor supervision, financial costs, childc atomic number 18, personal therapy and extra supervision. Some of these stressors identified cannot be idea of as essential or necessary aspects of training but this in itself is an argona of key debate. (Kumary et al 2008). Other research has also highlighted the same key issues deep down counselling (Szymanska 2002), but has only looked at one issue in isolation and with this in mind, the present register was an investigation of UK counselling psychology trainees self-reports of their experiences of stress when training. One world power go as far to question the rational of any need examining potential stress within such professions considering that having done for(p) by dint of an undergraduate degree already, students atomic number 18 already accustomed to a moderate level of stress and it simply goes with the territory (Cooper Quick 2003). On the early(a ) hand, such a study has never been conducted and may produce compelling results.Subjects were easy to identify and obtain although only UK counselling trainees who were studying for Part 1 of the BPS diploma were recruited. Are we to assume that this is when stress levels are at an optimal level? Questionnaires were sent out to all institutions. sequence the general characteristics of the render are well represented, there was only a 41% return rate. This is good, but not outstanding in comparison to research conducted in confusable domains, despite numerous follow-up e-mails and telephone calls (Robertson Sundstorm 1990). A financial incentive might adjudge improved this return rate, but pre-paid return envelops were provided. However this information was collected in 2003, but not submitted for publication until 2007. Ethically, this delay in analysis and publication produces results that are already four years out of realize in an education form that is constantly evolvi ng (Hadley et al 1995).While such a simple methodology may initially seem sound, on encompassing(prenominal) inspection, the differences between the training programs of clinical and counselling are only glossed over and there is or so evince to advise that the disparity between the twain choke up a repetition of a seemingly straightforward approach last consulted in 1992 by Cushway.Aside from the time lapse, it is therefore important to consider the different issues surrounding the modification of a methodology previously use to investigate stress in clinical trainees. Firstly, counselling psychologist training tends to be less scientifically orientated than its clinical counterpart and most NHS posts are only open to Clinical Psychologists (Mayne, Norcross Sa notwithstandingte 2000). For example, it is generally accepted that counselling psychologists focus more on the remedy alliance with clients having to complete 450 hours of contact by the end of 3rd year training ( Hadley et al 1995). While there are considerable similarities between the cardinal disciplines, Norcorss (2000) documents many salient differences including professional activities, theoretical orientations, employment and training settings, graduate admissions and research areas.The question what are the differences in training clinical and counselling psychologists? -does not lend itself to an easy answer because psychology can be employ in so many ways. Traditionally, the main difference is in their training and sentiment (Mayne et al 2000). It would appear to be an oversight on Kumary et als (2008) part to use a similar, modified methodology, previously applied to clinical trainees when the stress causing genes may be quite different. With these differences outlined in more detail, the old methodology would appear to require a more radical modification or adaptation from that utilise previously.Two main instruments were used to examine stress within the sample. The Counsel ling Psychology Trainee Stress Survey (CPTSS) and The General Health Questionnaire ( command post12) (Wemeke, Goldberg Yalcin 2000). The CPTSS was authentic from Cushways (1992) stress come after for clinical psychology trainees with four categories (academic stressors, placement stressors, organizational stressors and personal stressors). What is concerning is the lack of both research confirming the validity of the measure and the teeny-weeny ideastorm session using five trainees under those headings. Furthermore, from their discussion the CPTSS, constructed from 36 items, was only piloted on a further six trainees. This did lead to near changes beingness made with the authors settling on four descriptive categories slightly different from Cushways academic demands, lack of support systems, placement stressors and personal and professional development. This let outs neither focused or discriminant validity. Finally, despite other more valid forms of questionnaires availab le measuring stress (for example the Psychological Stress Measure (PMS), this study chose one which was rapidly devised from a brief investigation and remains untested in the general population (Lemyre Tessier 2003 Trovato et al 2006).The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) on the other hand has been specifically validated for use in non-psychotic populations (Wemeke et al 2000). Because it is a shortened, 12-item version of the GHQ, it allows for quick completion, is likely to increase participant response, is quick to code and statistical mistakes also hold out less likely. For the purposes of this study, it appears to be the ideal choice and has been used to undischarged effect in a large body of pervious work (Winefield, Goldney, Winefield, Tiggemann 1989 Vaglum Falkum 1999 Quek, Low, Razack, Loh 2001). A upstart review by Jackson (2007) however, pointed out that the 28 item is usually used because the GHQ28 has been more widely used in other working populations, which allows for collapse comparisons, but the reliability coefficients reserve ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 in numerous studies and Jackson concludes (2007, p. 57) thatIn using this tool with postgraduate students conducting research in many areas of occupational health, the GHQ rarely fails to provide reliable and effective measures of well-being that usually correlate very highly with other measures of working environments or organizationsRegardless of how carefully survey data is collected and analyzed, the value of the final result depends on the truthfulness of the respondents answers to the questions asked. Over the last twenty years, researchers keep back debated extensively about the truthfulness of peoples self-reports, and no clear cut conclusion has emerged (Zechmeister, Zechmesiter, Shaughnessy 2001). If someone is asked whether or not they enjoyed their bath, there is generally no need to question whether this hi-fily reflects their real feelings. However, in customary li fe there are some situations in which researchers should father reason to be suspect. Survey research involves reactive measurement because respondents know that their responses are being recorded. Pressures may be strong for people to respond as they think they should rather than what they actually feel or believe (Zechmeister et al 2001). The term used to describe theses pressures is brotherly desirability and in Kumary Martyns study (2008) these issues are present in their entirety (Zechmeister et al 2001). For example, a trainee counselling psychologists perspectives towards their own stress and health levels, may be a far cry from their actual stressful behavioural responses.Both the questioners administered rely solely on self report and this gives face-lift to some further criticism. The approach is straightforward, but there is a trade-off between allowing for a simple analysis and the complex use of questionnaires in any survey based study. It is a fine balance that is difficult to maintain. Self-report questionnaires are all answered at different times and in different locations by individual(a)ly subject. As a result, the measures are vulnerable to inaccuracies caused by confounding variables. For example, a trainee filling in a stress based measure might prolong just had a particularly stressful day or experience that go out effect their score. They could even have exams in a few weeks. Alternatively, coverage the issue of time-management and stress may be meaningless when the respondent evidently has time to sit down and take part in such a study anyway.The results from any self report also lack directness. While there is no ideal direct measure of stress, it is possible to get a better indication by measuring some of the physiological effectuate in the body. For example, stress might be better measured via heart rate, inception pressure, breathing rate, brain waves, muscle tension, skin conductance or temperature (Lemyre et al 2003). While more costly, such a study could be replicated using skin conductance monitors, have on by trainee counselling psychologists and correlate daily activities with any changes. This might produce results documenting what aspects of the course give rise to more stress and allow for re-development and changes to be applied where necessary. A more elementary approach might be to use an electronic pager device which asks every hour, how stressed are you now and what are your currently doing?In summary, researchers and clinicians must be careful when adapting clinical tools and methodologies to assess stress. They were designed for pathological disorders and validated using clinical populations and so the statistical distributions are not normal (Trovato et al 2006). As Lemyre et al (2003, p. 1159) stateThe concept of stress refers to a set of affective, cognitive, somatic and behavioral manifestations within the range of practicable integrityDespite this, thirteen items from the CPT SS were identified as being the most stressful issues in the sample population (none came from lack of support), which were split into two groups. The kickoff included practical issues of finding time, funds and suitable placements. One item was also linked with negotiating these three key areas and could have a subsequent impact on their amicable life. A second group comprised of more general postgraduate issues academic pressure and professional heartyization. In order to determine a basis for the four groupings within the 37 single items of the CPTSS they were employed as four sub-scales (academic, placement, PPD and lack of support). These also gave acceptable levels of reliability. (Kumary et al 2008). The authors also found some good read for demographic variants in stress, with significantly higher stress ratings reported by younger participants and lower for those who were older. The GHQ12 results were in two scoring forms casesness and be ample of distress with 54 par ticipants identified as cases had significantly higher CPTSS scores than the 39 non-cases. Key findings from Kumary et al (2008, p. 24) includedThe higher the stress rated for an aspect of counselling psychology training, the clearer the indicators of psychiatric distress becameolder participants had lower CPTSS ratings especially on placement issuesmen reported lower CPTSS ratings, most notably on academic itemsThe support items attracted less attribution in comparison to academic, placement and PPD issues, despite pilot discussions (Kumary et al 2008), suggesting again that the methodology behind this study was flawed from the start. This does to some extent mirror Cushways (1992) data in that support was viewed by participants as a resource to ease training-induced stress, and participants viewed it as a resource to be used rather than a cause of stress because it was insufficiently provided. Again, with this knowledge available at the outset, why was the same methodology used?A t this point, one might mention the issue of correlation and how this does not imply causation, but no profile of a stressed student was possible because most of the results were not significant. The authors take on themselves that the data collected is nothing to be proud of (2008, p. 25). It is difficult to believe that Krumary et al (2008) did not clearly see the unsophisticated and non-standardized status of the CPTSS as a serious issue before conducting such a study particularly when compared with more experimental research methods (Lemyre et al 2003). It is possible that the measures used were not radiosensitive enough to pick up on individual stress differences between participants. The fact remains however, that the fundamental assumptions were wrong and the question remains, do trainees in professions such as clinical and counselling psychology experience more stress than those within the normal population and if so are such emotional demands a critical part of training? Should trainees be exposed to unacceptable stress levels and their apparent resilience used as an assessment criterion of professional suitableness? (Hadley Mitchell 1995)The basis of this study is not sound enough to warrant any overall generalizations within the target population. The approach was oversimplified at the expense of generalized, poor-quality results. In this sense, the study has contributed little to our knowledge into how trainee counselling psychologists experience stress. The lack of an original approach is a reminder of how academic journals vary in the quality of the research they publish. It is until now important that it was produce to illustrate a methodology that clearly failed and thus prevents further repetition. This is the constant winding road of modern applied psychological research.ReferencesCooper, L. C., Quick, C. J. (2003). The stress and loneliness of success. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16, 1-7Cushway, D. (1992). Stress in clinical p sychology trainees. British journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 169-179Cushway, D., Tyler, P. (1996). Stress in clinical psychologists. British Journal of Clinical Psychologists, 31, 169-179Goldberg DP, et al. (1978) Manual of the General Health Questionnaire (NFER Publishing, Windsor, England).Hadley Mitchell (1995). Counselling Research and Program Evaluation. London Brooks/Cole Publishing CompanyJackson, C. (2007). The General Health Questionnaire. occupational Medicine, 57, 79Kumary, A Martyn, B. (2008). Stresses reported by UK trainee counselling psychologists. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 21,19-28Lemyre, L., Tessier, R. (2003). Measuring psychological stress concept, model and measurement instrument in direct care research. Canadian Family Physician, 49, 1159-1160Mayne, T. J., Norcross, J. C., Sayette, M. A. (2000). Insiders guide to graduate programs in clinical and counseling psychology (2000-2001 ed). New York Guilford.Norcross C. J. (2000) Clinical Versus Couns elling Psychology Whats the Diff? Eye on psi Chi, 5 (1), 20-22Quek, F. K, Low, Y. W., Razack, H. A., Loh, S. C. (2001). Reliability and validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among urological patents A Malaysian study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55 (5), 509-513Robertson, M. T., Sundstrom, E. (1990). Questionnaire design, return rates, and response favorableness in an employee attitude questionnaire. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75 (3), 354-357Szymanska, K. (2002). Trainee expectations in counselling psychology as compared to the reality of the training experience. Counselling Psychology Review, 17, 22-27Trovato, M. G., Catalano, D., Martines, G. F., Spadaro, D., DI Corrado, D., Crispi, V., Garufi, G., Nuovo, S. (2006). Psychological stress measure in type 2 diabetes. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 10, 69-74Vaglum, P., Falkum, E. (1999). Self-criticism, dependency and depressive symptoms in a nationwide sample of Norwegian p hysicians. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52 (1-3), 153-159Wemeke, U., Goldberg, D., Yalcin, I. (2000). The stability of the factor structure of the General Health Questionaire. Psychological Medicine, 30, 823-829Winefield, R. H., Goldney, D. R., Winefield, H. A., Tiggemann, M. (1989) The General Health Questionnaire Reliability and Validity For Australian Youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23 (1), 53-58Zechmeister, S. J., Zechmesiter, B. E., Shaughnessy, J. J. (2001). Essentials of Research Methods in Psychology, McGraw-Hill Higher Education schizophrenic psychosis the biologic and psychological effectSchizophrenia the biological and psychological effectThe study of psychosis has been much published within the writings. Investigations into the biological, psychological and clinical aspects of the disorder have been extensively seen. An approach which views schizophrenia as a disturbance of information processing appears promising as a way of linking all of the aspects of the disorder. A review of the research in this area led to the suggestion that the basic disturbance in schizophrenia is a weakening of the find outs of stored memories of regularities of previous input on current perception. It is argued that the link between information processing disturbances and biological abnormalities may be facilitated by the use of paradigms derived from wolf learning conjecture (latent inhibition and Kamins blocking effect). In a number of animal model studies and indeed human subject studies, on an individuals pattern of proceeding in acute schizophrenics, the information gained is consistent with the cognitive model. The ways in which such an information-processing disturbance may lead to schizophrenic symptomatology will thus be outlined, with particular reference to the formation and maintenance of delusional beliefs. The core cognitive abnormality may result from a disturbance in any of the brain structures involved in the predi ction of subsequent sensory input. The proposed circuit implicates in particular the hippocampus and related areas and is consistent with studies of brain pathology in schizophrenia. Thus, this paper will perplex to provide an insight into the biological and psychological do of schizophrenia and will give an insight into the current preachings available and their effectuate on the individual and their biological status.IntroductionUnderstanding the varied presentation of the many types of psychotic disorders is still a major challenge within like a shots scientific capacity. The approaches utilized to explicate their complex nature of such disorders of the neurological system present an ongoing challenge, due to the complexity of the interaction between both biological entities (the brain) and the psychological effects.Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the evolution of our arrangement of schizophrenia in terms of the biological and psychological effects of the disorder , based upon a review of the literature findings. Studies, which have been conducted regarding the life-long evolution of mental illnesses, especially schizophrenia, have been publicized for decades and this has managed to initiate the early standing of schizophrenia and of the nature of its chronic states. These experiences have further contributed to the views we hold today regarding the illness, leading in a third phase to the development of a biological-psychosocial model of its evolution which has proved useful for both theoretical and practical purposes. Finally, an understanding of therapeutical experiences and theoretical explorations based on the biological and psychological has helped to minimize the effects of the disorder within the patient population.Biological basis of schizophrenia crosswise the findings within the literature, the question of whether schizophrenia is associated with structural or functional abnormalities of the nervous system, or both, appears to h ave become the principal focus in many of the biological studies of schizophrenia. A number of different methods of investigation of this system have been conducted including computed imaging studies, which have been able to reveal ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients. When such enlargement is found within the brain of the majority of patients in the early stages of the illness, they appear to be most severe in patients with prohibit symptoms and poor outcome. Quantitative neuropathological studies have tentatively demonstrated decreased volume of specific brain areas, neuronal loss, and other changes in the limbic system, chief(a) ganglia, and window dressing cortex. Dopamine (DA) remains the neurotransmitter most likely to be involved in schizophrenia, although there is also evidence for disturbances of serotonin and norepinephrine. Post-mortem and positron emission tomographic studies suggest an increased number of D2 DA recept ors in some schizophrenics. Neuroendocrine studies reinforce the role of DA in schizophrenics. Viral infections and autoimmune disturbances may be liable for some types of schizophrenia, but there is no firm experimental evidence to support either hypothesis. The possibility that mixtures of structural abnormalities and functional changes involving DA occur in the same patients rather than independently as part of two syndromes ( suit I, II) seems attractive.The symptoms of schizophrenia patients appear to be diverse, with different elements of the disease having different impacts on different individuals. Since Bleulers (1950) supposition of the schizophrenias as a heterogenous disease composed of symptomaticlly different subgroups, attempts have been made to identify biological correlates of specific behavioral dysfunction. Diagnosis of the illness could be seen to have been fraught with difficulties. The initial lack of differentiation between the manic episodes of bipolar affe ctive disorder and schizophrenia still presents as being greatly problematic within studies published within the literature, and subsequent attempts to differentiate between subgroups of schizophrenics have yielded no discrete classification system. The search for an etiology has also been bedeviled by this lack of distinct classification. Nevertheless, the publication of and the conduction of a number of biological theories have contributed to an understanding of schizophrenia by identifying specific dysfunctional uneasy areas in determining biochemical changes associated with symptomatology and in formulating new etiological hypotheses.Neurological correlation between neurological studies and the effects of schizophrenia have been examined by research conducted through the use of magnetic resonance imaging, computed and positron emission tomography, and, also postmortem morphological changes (Koning et al, 2010). Studies of cognitive function in association with metabolic and cer ebrovascular practise have contributed to the identification of discrete neural dysfunction. In addition, development of the dopamine theory and its relationship to absolute symptoms has economic aided in diagnostic differentiation, while new-made studies on the modulatory role of neuropeptides on neurotransmitters have expanded the scope of the dopamine theory.Several biological theories have been proposed for an etiology of schizophrenia. (Krabbendam et al, 2004) Perinatal complications and viral infection have been suggested either in isolation or in conjunction with genetic factors. Low birth weight has also been proposed as a predisposing or associated factor in the subsequent development of schizophrenia. The viral hypothesis has received impetus from recent research into retroviruses capable of genetic transmission and causing latent disease onset. It is also recognized that factors other than biological, in particular,Psychosocial influences may play an etiological role in schizophrenia. Discussion of these factors, however, will not be discussed in great detail in this paper due to time restrictions.The difficulty of diagnosisAs etiological studies rely to a large extent on accurate diagnosis, it is important initially to identify diagnostic problems because this aids an understanding between the interplay between biological and psychological effects, which can be noted in schizophrenics. It has long been recognized that the term schizophrenia incorporates a heterogeneous collection of subgroups, possibly with different etiologies, disease processes, and outcomes. The subsequent categorization of such patients into meaningful groups therefore relies upon differences in symptomatology and long term outcome, and fall broadly into three categories- paranoid versus nonparanoid, negatively charged versus positive, and chronic versus acute (Goldstein Tsuang, 1988)The literature proposes that paranoid groups show a better premorbid adjustment, cognitiv e performance, and prognosis than the nonparanoid group (Kumra and Schulz, 2008), it has been suggested that this represents a measurement artifact and depends on whether absolute or relative measures of paranoia are used. Studies using absolute predominance measures to the exclusion of other symptoms reject many subjects displaying both sets of symptoms. Many nonpredominance studies show no differences between the groups of an increase in negative outcome as paranoid symptoms increase.Other researchers have proposed that schizophrenics could be categorized into two types placed into their category upon the basis of positive or negative symptom preponderence. Type I, or the positive symptom group, display some of the Schneiderian first rank symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, while Type 2, or the negative symptom group, show affective loss or extinction, speech content poverty, psychomotor deficits, and a general loss of drive or will.One of the problems with this categorizati on is that many schizophrenics display both sets of symptoms and that schizophrenics with primary positive symptoms often develop negative symptoms over time (Phillips and Silverstein, 2003).This would mean that studies using young subjects showing predominantlyPositive symptoms may not be adequately differentiating between groups. Recent refinements of the positive/negative dichotomy have led to a redefinition of negative symptoms congruent with familial genetic factors, developmental dys- function, and the development of psychometric scales to measure relative symptomatology (Pickett-Schnenk et al, 2006). However, the influence of neuroleptic drugs on attentional and extrapyramidal functioning could also contribute to the development of differential symptoms. Furthermore, the effects of early environmental factors, such as perinatal impairment and familial environment, and of concurrent disorders, such as depression, are not adequately taken into account in such studies. Thus, th is highlights the difficulties, which can be seen when trying to relate the biological and psychological effects of schizophrenia to a certain pathological aspect of brain development.Within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R APA, 1987) chronicity is outlined as persistence of disturbance for more than two years with further residual diagnosis if subsequent symptoms are primarily negative. It is assumed to be associated with negative symptoms within Crows typography (Crow, 1980). This classification is the most common in the literature because of its basis in psychiatric diagnosis and its relationship to poor prognosis and to biological and cognitive deficits. For the purpose of biological research, the argument appears to be somewhat circular however because, for example, research attempts to find biological correlates of subgroups that are often operationally be by their biological correlates. Moreover, there is significant overlap between the tw o groups in that many initially acute schizophrenics subsequently become chronic (by definition).While researchers across the literature publications acknowledge the heterogeneity of the disease, they hide to rely operationally on a dichotomous diagnosis. Multiple research strategies on the same subgroup would assist in isolating behavioural and biological attributions and in refining diagnostic criteria.Biochemical research and the impact on our understanding of the effects of schizophreniaDisruptions of neural biochemical processes have been extrapolated both from the effects of psychomimetic drugs and from the actions of symptom- diminution neuroleptic drugs. Drugs such as amphetamine and L-dopa, which cause psychotic conditions (e.g., hallucinations and paranoia), are known to involve excesses of dopamine clitoris (Goodwin, 1972). Although different classes of neuroleptics are known to block acetylcholine, noradrenaline, or serotinin transmission, all of them block dopamine, a nd symptom reduction is suasion to emanate from the latter (Millar et al, 2001). Within the dopamine theory two models of dysfunction have been proposed autoreceptor excess, and postsynaptic receptor mechanism deficit. Different classes of neuroleptics vary in whether action is pre- or postsynaptic, but an inhibition of dopamine transmission is realized by all classes.Two classes of dopamine receptors have been identified-D1 and DP as previously mentioned, and it is believed that they are related to schizophrenia and neuroleptic effects. Distinctions between the two are based upon their actions on adenylate cyclase stimulatory for Dl and distinct or inhibitory for D2 (Murray et al, 2008). Dlneurons, which project from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum, are implicated in Parkinsons disease. Inhibition of Dl receptors is believed to be theorigin of neuroleptic side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonianism. D2 receptors are associated with the antipsychotic e ffects of neuroleptic drugs and form the mesolimbic dopamine system which projects to the frontal cortex and some limbic forebrain structures (Tseng et al, 2008).The proposition that schizophrenic symptoms are caused by an excess of D2 receptors was initially difficult to substantiate due to drug effects and disease process. In most postmortem studies showing higher densities of dopamine receptors, previous antipsychotic drug use is also implicated (Seeman, 1986). However, in some(prenominal) studies subjects had never been treated with neuroleptics and still evinced increased dopamine receptor density (Trower et al, 2004).The role of dopamine receptor anomalies has also been studied using differential effects of classes of neuroleptics on dopamine receptors. In vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) research using the ligand Cl raclopride has indicated that diverse classes of neuroleptic drugs administered in clinically effective doses block D2 dopamine receptors in the putamen. suggesting increased D2 dopamine density in schizophrenic subjects (Thompson et al, 2001). Research on the role of the atypical neuroleptic, clozapine, on dopamine receptors has however yielded inconsistent results. It is thought that the relative absence of extrapyramidal side effects with clozapine arrangement is due to a selective effect on D2 dopamine performance in the dorsoventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens but not in the substantia nigra or striatum. Haloperidol, on the other hand, reduces dopamine activity in both areas. The effects of both drug classes have been observed in rats using in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings (Tseng et al, 2009).However, clozapine also acts antagonistically on cholinergic, a-adrenergic, his-tamine, and serotonin receptors and, in addition, the combination of haloperidol with the a-noradrenergic antagonist, prazosin, produces similar effects to clozapine administration, namely, reduced basal dopamine release in the striatum b ut not in the nucleus accumbens (Thimm et al, 2010). Studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of prolactin following clozapine administration have also yielded inconsistent reslults. Prolactin release is inhibited by dopamine and increased by conventional neuroleptics. However, in at least one study it has been found that administration of clozapine to human schizophrenic subjects produced no significant increase in prolactin levels 11 hours after administration, despite moderate to marked therapeutic effects (Meltzer, Goode, Schyve, Young, Fang, 1979).Several recent studies have also implicated Dl receptor blocks in the therapeutic effects of clozapine.A further obstacle to the initial acceptance of the dopamine theory has beenthe time discrepancy between drug administration and antipsychotic symptomatic effects. PET studies have shown immediate binding to dopamine receptor sites, yet their clinical effect is often delayed for several weeks (Tarrier et al, 1999). on that point have been suggestions that receptors blocks produce an initial overactivity of dopamine release to compensate for inhibition. Further evidence for the dopamine theory has come from measurements of CSF, and plasma levels of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA).Although findings in unmedicated patients have not yielded consistent differences in HVA levels between schizophrenics and catchs, neuroleptic treatment increases HVA levels (Abubaker et al, 2008). In unmedicated patients, a correlation between low HVA levels and cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement has been found in at least one study.This has led to the suggestion that dopamine excess is related to Type 1schizophrenia, an interpretation which is support by a good response to neuroleptic drugs in this group (Crow, 1985). In addition, Allen et al (2008) has suggested a possible deficiency of dopamine in Type 2 schizophrenics. However, the Type l-Type 2 typography has not been fully supported, and there is e vidence that neuroleptic drugs elicit response in negative symptom sufferers (Allen et al, 2008). From the evidence there is little doubt of the biological role of dopamine within some forms of schizophrenia.The influence of serotonin in schizophrenia was suggested by the antagonistic activity of the psychomimetic drug, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), on serotonin transmission (Addinton and Addington, 1993). This has been studied in CSF by measuring levels of the serotonin precuresor, tryptophan, and the metabolite 5- hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). At least one study has found reduced levels of 5-HIAA in schizophrenics and no difference between those on and off neuroleptics, but the latter group had only been drug free for a short time (three weeks). Therefore residual effects cannot be discounted. It was not stated whether subjects were also suffering from depression, which is known to decrease serotonin levels (Akbarian and Huang, 2009). Neither change magnitude nor decr easing serotonin levels have had a beneficial effect on schizophrenic symptoms (Akbarian and Huang, 2009).Monoamine oxidase (monoamine oxidase) metabolizes dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline, as well as endogenous stimulants or hallucinogens such as phenylethylamine and diethltryptamine. It has therefore been hypothesized that decreasedMAO activity could be contributory to schizophrenia. Studies have been conducted into platelet MAO activity in schizophrenics with varying results. Meltzer and Arora (1980) found that decreased MAO platelet activity was positively correlated with paraniod and positive symptoms. Other studies have found no un- usual MAO platelet activity in paranoid or hallucinating schizophrenics (Arts et al, 2008)Recent research has also considered the role of neuro-peptides in modulatingCNS functions and the possible implications for schizophrenic symptomatology.Endorphins have been the subject of the most intensive study because of theirassociation to proposed neural deficit areas both in biochemical and neuropathlogical research. The B, y, and (Y endorphins originate in the basal hypothalamusand modulate neurotransmitter activity in several structures of the limbic systemand brain stem.Of all the biochemical theories of schizophrenia, the dopamine hypothesis has been the most consistently substantiated in research. The implication of other neurotransmitters, however, suggests a possible diffuse dysfunction with dopamine eliciting the most severe disruption. Efforts have been made to control for medication, but residual drug effects cannot be discounted. Many studies now use chlorpromazine likes to control for the effects of varying medication levels. The problem with this method is that, although different classes of neuroleptics all reduce dopamine levels either pre- or postsynaptically, they do not have equivalent effects on serotonin, MAO, or noradrenalin. Further problems are encountered when attempts are made to ascribe an etiologi cal function to neurotransmitter activity. It is equally probable that any such changes are caused by the disease process rather than their being causal.Structual brain abnormalitiesThe neuropathology of schizophrenia has received considerable recent interestin the light of positron emmission tomography (PET), postmortem, cognitive function and cerebral blood flow (CBF) research. While PET scans and postmortem investigation have concentrated on structural measurements, cognitive studies have provided tacit support for such structural changes. It has beenhypothosized that neuropathological abnormalities identified in subgroups ofschizophrenics could be in vitro developmental disorders either genetically transmitted or resulting from prenatal detriment (Ashburner et al, 2008).The most consistent findings across the publications within the literature have been differences in ventricular size, in some sections of the temporal limbic and nigrostriatal systems and basal ganglia, and in t he prefrontal cortex.Measurements of ventricular size have however, shown considerable inconsistency, with some studies finding no significant difference between subjects and non-schizophrenic controls (Bles et al, 2010), and some reporting significant differences between chronic paranoid and hebephrenic subjects and normal controls (Bales et al, 2010).Evidence to date suggests that ventricular enlargement is only salient for a small subgroup of schizophrenics subject to chronicity or other, as yet unidentified, factors. Inconsistency in the results could be due to deviations in subject samples. It has been proposed that atrophy of specific neural areas could account for some schizophrenic symptoms. While some evidence has come directly from postmortem studies. Abnormalities have also been inferred from the results of PET and CAT scans and CBF measurements performed in conjunction with cognitive tasks designed to activate specific neural areas. necropsy studies have identified signi ficant cortical atrophy in the lateralnigro-striatal area (Birchwood et al, 2004) and in the limbic portions of the temporal lobe, specifically the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus(Birchwood et al, 2004).Psychotherapies and social treatmentsThe psychological effects and impacts of schizophrenia must be emphasized. Due to the impact of the different, aforementioned parts of the brain and the CNS in schizophrenia, the psychological impact of the disease is plainly one, which takes great effect as previously mentioned. Psychotherapies are thought to be important within the current treatment lines in schizophrenia and although antipsychotic medications are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia, pharmacotherapy alone produces only limited improvement in negative symptoms, cognitive function, social functioning and quality of life. Additionally, it has been found that a great number of patients continue to suffer from persistent positive symptoms and relapses partic ularly when they fail to adhere to prescribed medications. This underlines the need for multi-modal care including psychosocial therapies as adjuncts to antipsychotic medications to help allay symptoms and to improve adherence, social functioning and quality of life (Patterson and Leeuwenkamp, 20008). A short review of the evidence that has accumulated on the efficacy of the major modalities of psychosocial treatment highlights that treatments involving social skills training, psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs) can all have a role in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia. The reasoning behind the success of each treatment can give guidance into the psychological effects of the disease. For example, Psychoeducational interventions provide information about the disorder and its treatment to patients and their family members, and additionally inform the patients and family members about strategies to cope with schizophrenic illness. From the literatur e findings, it is evident that an extensive body of literature has accumulated regarding the efficacy of these interventions. Meta-analyses suggest that these interventions reduce high expressed emotion among relatives, and decrease relapse and rehospitalization rates (Pitschel et al, 2002 Giron et al, 2010).In general, interventions that include family members are found to have a much greater level of success (Pharaoh et al, 2006). Multi-family psychoeducation group approaches, which provide family psychoeducation and additionally offer an expanded social network, are found to reduce rates of relapse as are peer-to-peer education programs for families and patients (Chien et al, 2006).Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)About a third of patients with schizophrenia continue to suffer from persistent psychotic symptoms despite adequate pharmacotherapy. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has therefore been presented as a system of treatment which has emerged to address this need, and is base d on the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations stem from misinterpretations and irrational attributions caused by self-monitoring deficits. CBT seeks to help patients rationally appraise their experience of disease symptoms and how they respond to them, thereby reducing symptoms and preventing relapse (Turkington et al, 2008). Meta-analytic evaluations of this data have found CBT to be effective in ameliorating positive symptoms (Rector and Beck, 2001) although effect sizes of CBT have been noted to be inconsistent across studies and a recent meta-analysis of six blinded studies (Lynch et al, 2010) found CBT to be ineffective in reducing any symptoms of schizophrenia or in preventing relapse the pallidity of this analysis has been questioned (Kingdon et al, 2010). CBT is reported to be ineffective in targeting negative symptoms and its effects on other treatment domains are not well studied. Although CBT is recommended as a standard of care for per sons with schizophrenia (NICE, 2009) the results are thought to give the best outcomes in patients who are willing to comply with treatment.Cognitive remediationA hearty proportion of schizophrenia patients have impaired cognition, particularly in the domains of psychomotor speed, attention, working memory and executive function, verbal learning and social cognition. These deficits are blue and persist during the illness, and serve as rate limiting factors for functional recovery (Tandon et al, 2009). Several cognitive remediation approaches have been developed over the past two decades which involve compensation strategies to organize information, use of environmental aids such as reminders and prompts, and a range of techniques designed to enhance executive function and social cognition (Eack et al, 2010). Earlier reviews and meta-analyses which have been presented and published within the literature findings have suggested that cognitive remediation leads to modest improvements in performance on neuropsychological tests but has limited generalization to functional outcomes (Pilling et al, 2002)One large meta-analysis published by McGurk et al, (2007), however, found that cognitive remediation was associated with significant improvements in cognitive performance and symptoms, as well as psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. Cognitive remediation has been found to be more effective in studies that provided adjunctive psychiatric rehabilitation in addition to cognitive remediation. Thus, it appears to be the case that the durability of benefits of cognitive remediation are not yet set in stone.Social skills training (SST)Schizophrenia patients manifest deficits in social competence and these contribute to poor outcome. The goal of SST is to improve day-to-day living skills by focusing on components of social competence such as self-care, basic conversation, vocational skills, and recreation. These skills are practiced mostly in group settings using tec hniques based on operant and social learning theory. Historically, token economy was the first such intervention that sought to improve the social behavior of patients with psychiatric illness. While effective, the results did not generalize beyond the therapeutic setting. A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of social skills training in schizophrenia showed a large effect size for improvement in skills, a moderate effect size for performance-based social and community skills and for community functioning, and a small effect size for symptoms and relapse (Kurts and Mueser, 2008)ConclusionsThus, in conclusion, and in review of the findings published within the literature, it si clear that the impact of both biological aspects of the disease and psychological impacts are prevalent within the schizophrenic population. In summary, research on psychosocial approaches to treatment of schizophrenia has yielded incremental evidence of efficacy of CBT, SST, family psychoedu cation, ACT and supported employment. Relatively few rigorously conducted trials of psychosocial interventions have been reported in the early course of schizophrenia, a phase of the illness when effective interventions may yield long-term outcome benefits . More hypothesis-driven research is needed to examine active ingredients of the therapeutic modalities that work, to identify the interactional effects of combinations of interventions, and to use the knowledge which we have gained from the biological impact of the disease and the understandings of the neurological circuitry and its implications in schizophrenia to aid the development of new methods of reducing the effects of schizophrenia on the patient population.

Impact Of General Elections On Indian Stock Market Finance Essay

Impact Of General preferences On Indian Stock securities industry Finance EssayIndian Stock Market deeply follows two mint features of New Delhi circus- the compute and the general choices. This time is no exception. While recession has deeply affected the planetary prudence and those who are progressn the best deals are also in relative tatters, general choices in India would not have any less threatening impact on the Indian economy. Here is hoping that a big number of positives devolve out instead. Having said that, a rational study of the electoral potency scarcely seems logical.In fact, Morgan Stanley thinks that the outcome of elections would only be second to the global recession in terms of impacting the country. The institutions deem the poll results to be ahead of financial policies and corporate basics in unleashing a change in financial dynamics.According to people in the know, roughly 10000 crore rupees would be spent on the general elections and it would b olster the stock mart. Many are on a consensus that if somehow a business and reform-friendly coalition groundwork make its way, then on that point would be no dearth of stock market bounties. In this regard, nothing can work out better than a single party studyity. It has been witnessed many an(prenominal) a quantify that reforms have been impeded by retrograde forces teaming up for a coalition regimen.Norm bothy pleasant fallout of the general elections would be high up liquidity that in any event is set to boost the stock market. It surely would be an aid in revival of the p pull throughered economy. Theorists agree that victory for congress and BJP would be in favor of the stock market while Left apparent motion or a third party coalition would adversely affect the growth of the market.Stock markets are furiously swirled by the momentum gathered through the outcome of general elections. It has been seen in the past. Perhaps it has to do with privatization, fundament bo ost and the lack of it. A reform-averse political group would impede structural reforms and hit the blue chip companies hard. It would be true for other stock units too.It is noted that global market and FDI pool is bound to swell at the smell of a favorable mandate in Indian elections. In contrariety, it would be a gathering of cynics in the world corporate ring, once India suffers a fractured mandate. In essentiality, any such mandate would represent a higher risk for FDI investors. man is fast moving towards anti-capitalism. Assets are being nationalized at an expeditious rate. There are plenty of religious and political turmoil. Pakistan remains a crux issue. thermonuclear questions and defense sentiments are on a high. In such a time, there can be ramifications beyond reprieve. However, the general election has to be an reception to the political dilemma and here is hoping that the victor does not bleed the country further.Stock market is an index, the reflection of our fina ncial chroma and people of India are anticipating a surge in its numbers post this election.www.webhush.com Analysis effect of election mania on Indian stock marketIndian Stock Market has seen lot of positive and negative trends in the resource calendar month. Lot of volatility was seen in the market for past 5 weeks. This process may occur until the election results are clearly visible. Many traders have lost their notes in this volatile market, but investors were big gainers, Here, EquityPandit.com brings its analysis for the direction of stock market in the upcoming days.Read the full post for better understanding and book profits by predicting the direction of the Indian stock market in the Election timeElection Year 1998-1999Date eventidetMarket MovementFeb-16 to Feb-28 eldest to Fourth poll chooseUp by 12%March-6NDA win the ElectionUp by 3%Overall movement in FebElection Month.Market was up by 12%Oct-Nov 1999NDA lost majority Voting for new government begin.Market was down by 13%Nov-Dec 1999NDA won again with full majorityMarket was up by 23%Election Year 2004DateEventMarket MovementApr-20 to May-10First to Fourth poll VotingDown by 6.7%May-13Left Front Led UPA won the ElectionDown by 6%May-14Left Front comments on Stock Market regulationBlack day for Market Down by 12% in a single dayOverall movement in MayElection Month.Market was down by 13%Jun-Jul 2004UPA Govt. inception Economic reformMarket was up by 9%Election Year 2009DateEventMarket MovementApril 16 to April 13First to Fourth poll votingUp by 11%From the above statistics it is clear that it was tough to predict the market movement, during the Election month and it may continue later on the results are been declared, if no one won with clear majority.Also we can conclude following points from the above table1. The one thing the justness market hates the most, is uncertainty. The next week thus is likely to see maximum volatility with traders and speculators riding the momentum the bui ld up first, some profit meshing and maybe a sell-off before the big event. So Last Friday-sell-off may be the starting of the sell off.2. Market never accepts the government with left front or third front government. So one thing is genuinely clear, be prepared for big sell off, it that happened.3. Market depart be very comfortable if Congress or BJP go out come with full majority. We may see this rally going towards 13500-14000, or we may say 20% diverseness of rally.Conclusion1. Investor must blockage away till the election results dont get declared. Remember cash is the king and if you use it at right time, it depart give massive returns in a short span.2. Traders mostly loose their money in this type of market as fluctuation is always a sea wolf for traders. So quality and timing of calls makes the difference. Just remember, as an investor you can earn as much as 100-150% in a span of two month but not as a trader because this rally surprises everybody. One week back Eq uityPandit.com had a discussion with few brokerage houses and they all were wallop by this up move. Most of them generated losses, as they went short at a level of 11000-11500. Trading is always effective in a pure tinkers damn or bear market, but not an intermediate market like this.3. If you will see the investment figures of DII (Domestic Investors), it is very clear they booked the profit behind and steadily without any panic. Also history suggest that big players stay away during such event and come up with big bull or bear depending upon the poll results.www.equitypandit.com/2009//analysis-effect-of-election-mania-on-indian-stock-market/ Election time stock returnsIt appears that the stock market show a strong correlation with the national events like the elections. If we go by the past data for stock market price movements from 1980 onwards, there seems to be on an medium, 4% gain in 3 months before the elections of Lok Sabha in India.This average value s at 4% because it was in 2004 when there was a very small return of 0.7% in 2004 and a -2.1% in 1989 elections. On all the other occasions, the 3 months return from the stock markets before the elections has been much higher, as much as 13.5%.Though the gains in 2004 and 1980 were less than 1% returns in the three-month period of time before the polls, they were still positive.The only time it went into negative territory was in 1989 due to the Bofors controversy.What is the reason for good positive returns from the stock market during the election times?As per EconomicTimes, From the investors point of view, sphere of influences such as media, FMCG and auto look favourities in the run-up to the elections as polls are known to boost consumption. Readership of newspapers goes up during elections and so does news channels viewership. Also, though it is not legally allowed, Sales profits of alcoholic beverages shoot up during elections and with increase in money supply, more(prenominal) than enou nce in rural areas, personal care products are also likely to benefit. Auto sales usually go up (marginal increase) as SUVs are employ for election campaigns, personal transportation and security of politicians.Even this grade, since March 16 exactly one month to the elections the index has already risen by 2.5%. still will the market sustain the momentum postelection? Analysis since 1980 shows that a month after the polls, the bellwether index posts an average rise of 3.5%. On six out of the eight-spot times since 1980, investors have made gains.So is it the time to take the bet? Well, it all works randomly, so take your own shots and hope for the bestINDIA amusement parkElection is like big carnival in India with entire population from all walks of life gets swayed by it. There are colors and flood of money flowing. Everything comes to stand still. School, colleges and offices close on voting day.In India election process is held in multiple phases. 2009 election will be on e month parody coming to an end by 16th may 2009, when one will be able to know about the victor and the vanquished. The outcome of the election will also determine the development trajectory of the India incorporate.ELECTION OUTCOME AND INVESTORIndia, the worlds largest democracy with an electorate of more than 700 million voter, goes to the poll in April -May 2009. We believe 2009 election will throw up the hung parliament with fractured mandate. As long as BJP or a Congress led trammels is in power, investor will likely be reassured of stability in terms of government as well as policies.If a Third Front comes to power, it will create uncertainties in the drumhead of investor on the development and policies front. Any Third Front government wont be getting investors vote of confidence.CURRENT SCENARIOIndian election is victorious place in back drop of global economic turmoil. The domestic growth stories of the past years have vanished. Capitalism is under siege and clubby as sets are being nationalized worldwide. India has domestic issues like growing terrorist attacks, law and order situation, religious fundamentalism on rise, problem in neighboring country Pakistan and many more that will be the bring out issue that will dominate the election.The world will be closely watching the development. The composition, Utterances and deeds of the next administration will be critical to the direction the nation takes and how the outside world views the country. Will the next government carry forward the broad policy direction which began in 1991 and push forward with the unfinished reform agenda?http//www. roletipsinfo.com/bse-vs-nse_clip_image004_0000.gifELECTION AND STOCK MARKETReturns from the past seven to eight elections have no exact set pattern. The returns in the runup to the elections have been lackluster. Market generally in all the occasion has shown range bound trading or sideways movement. twelve month return post elections have been positive on four occasions and marginally negative on two occasions. Years when government took fearless steps or the mandate swayed in favor of one party has raised the hope of investors and hence good returns were seen. 1984, 1989 and 1991, the market rallied in the first year of the government. later on 1996 a significant change has been on the political front in India i.e. beginning of coalition era. The returns in these times were very moderate as the mandate was clear. The other reason could be Asian crisis, nuclear test, Kargil war, Dotcom bust.Election event when market showed significant movementYEAREVENTS1984Indira Gandhi got assassinated Rajiv Gandhi came to power with overwhelming majority. Market gave thumbs up.1989VP Singh became the PM. A massive drive against corruption in the government was taken in good way by the investor.1991Congress came to power after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. Market reacted positively.NEGATIVES FOR MARKET 2009Earning downgrade in next 2-3 quarte r.The ongoing government is like a caretaker government with no fresh proposal and budget will be placed by the new government in power.Stability and ability of the government cannot be judged at this point.Fiscal deficit is high at 5% of the GDP.Indo -Pak relationship hits new low.Terrorist attack.Index heavy weight like RPower, Suzlon, JP Associates plunged by more than 75% from the peak. Many of these stock compositions of the index do not have 5 years standing in the market.POSITIVE FOR MARKET 2009Sensex trading at 9x to the expected 2009 earnings.Falling commodity price will ease input cost of the industries.Government policies to boost the economy.Inflation at record low.Lower crude price.As please rate in highly-developed economy is record low, India could attract investment.CONCLUSIONAs the new government settles down and the reform that was taken up by the previous government is carried forward, we believe market will again resume its bull run in the second half of the 200 9. We also believe the era of coalition is here to stay and market will not be affected as long as it is seen that the coalition is stable and there are no expectation of major policy reversal.However if the Third front comes to power, the market is likely to taste another low.Our small endeavor will help you understand market in better way.http//www.sharetipsinfo.com/election-stockmarket.htmlUpbeat stock market s karyons highIndian stock market is inching closer to its past glory, riding high on the shake of better-than-expected growth of countrys gross domestic product scaling new heights in the wake of re-election of Manmohan Singh-led UPA (United Progressive Alliance) government at the centre and driving strength from its pronounced agenda of economic reform and disinvestments. As President of India, Pratibha Patil unleashed her governments vision and roadmap for the next five years in the lower and upper houses of Indian parliament on 4th June, 2009, the Sensex rallied past 1 5,000-level for the first time in the past nine months in a symbol of rising confidence and bolstered sentiments in the market as well as in economy.Clear mandate in favour of UPA plays a pivotal role The re-induction of the UPA government at the centre has been more fruitful for the market as compared to its first stint in 2004, when owing to the absence of a clear mandate in General Election and accompanying dependence on Left parties to form the Government was seen as an obstacle to economic growth and liberalization. As a result the Government was welcomed by a 564 points fall in the Sensex on May 17, 2004 to close at 4505 from its previous level of 5069. In a sharp contrast, UPA victory, and Congresss emergence as a stronger alliance leader this time was given a clear thumbs up by the market as Sensex and Nifty broke all records to hit the upper racing circuit breaker, with stock market surging by 17 per cent in a single day. The bulls run move as the index moved from 12,000 levels to 15,000 levels inside a span of just 14 trade sessions.With the Government charting out its plan to pump in massive resources in a plethora of core sectors, including, telecom, roads, ports, health, education and rural development, in supplement to initiating firm disinvestment policy, market sentiment continues to remain strong over the stick up three weeks. Many stocks in the BSE-500 category, belong to the sectors like realty, infrastructure and finance, have risen beyond 100 per cent in the last 15 trading sessions, as the hope of financial sector reforms and increased government spending in infrastructure prevails over the investors mindset. According to Alex Mathew, Head of Research at Geojit BNP Paribas Financial, The agenda of the new UPA Government to revive the economy by allowing increased investment into infrastructure sector and other stressed sectors pepped up the market,.Disinvestment hope peps up market After experiencing a subdued interest between 2003 a nd 2007, the listed PSUs were ushered in with renewed focus after the UPA win in General Election 2009. The BSE PSU index climbed up 39.5 per cent since the announcement of the verdict, majestic the 24 per cent rise in BSE-500 and 20 per cent jump in Sensex level during the same period of time. As UPA Government is expected to push through sales of centres stake in listed PSUs, the stocks of these government undertakings saw a substantial rise over the last couple of weeks. Stocks of the companies, which have 92-99 per cent government holdings, including MMTC, NMDC and RCF registered strong gains, with returns of 45 per cent to 104 per cent.The market welcomes the proposal of disinvestment because it acts a booster for the economy, generating gold to improve the financial deficit. At a time when soaring premium bills and government-sponsored stimulus measures have widened the fiscal deficit, with economic slowdown adversely affecting revenue receipt, disinvestment is definitely one viable method to reduce fiscal burden. The fiscal deficit for FY-09 at a staggering Rs 3,30,000 crore, is somewhat 21 per cent of the total market capitalisation of the BSE PSU index. Market is expecting that proceeds from the disinvestment will come back into the Budget to partially fill in the fiscal deficit. In addition, IPOs from unlisted government undertakings could rejuvenate the IPO market, further leading to a built stock market.Eight of the sixteen PSUs/banks which used the IPO market to mobilize resources in the last half a decade, including Power Grid Corporation, REC, PFC, Indian rely proved strong enough to outshine the BSE Sensex. The recent batch of PSU offers during 2007 and 2008 has been able to deliver reasonable returns for the investors, even amidst the financial meltdown and credit crunch. Even in the bull market, IPOs from the public sector enterprises, unlike their corporate counterparts, were priced modestly, thus leaving money for the investors.In so me cases, discounts to prevailing market prices were offered to retail investors. As a combined effect of all these factors, most of the PSU stocks, divested even during the bull run in 2007 or early 2008 delivered positive premium.FIIs propel surge in Indian stocks As the emergence of a stable government at the centre has boosted market sentiment, the bull momentum created a few weeks ago continued to drive the markets to new height in every week. To a large extent, renewed interest of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) is responsible for the upward movement of Sensex. After drawing out a massive Rs 52,987 crore from the Indian stock markets in 2008, which saw the Bombay Stock Exchange benchmark Sensex plummeting 51 per cent, FIIs turned net buyers during the last week of March.In the run-up of General Election, FIIs continued to put money in Indian stocks in the month of April, and invested over US$1 zillion in domestic market, owing to the impressive results delivered by lar ge enterprises-that beefed up confidence of foreign investors. Add to this, the re-election of reformist UPA government at the power, and one can see India back on FII radar with a big bang. Gokul Laroia, managing director of Morgan Stanley Asia said that India funds a large portion of its growth through outside(a) resources. Investors are very positive on the country after big issues such as the election verdict exceeded expectations.As per latest estimates, FIIs have invested around US$1 billion in Indian stocks in every week of May, as total inflow of FII fund to the country crossed US$4 billion so far in 2009. Global investors have brought in nearly to US$200 million in India-focused equity funds in the first week of June, while the overall Asia-dedicated funds witnessed the biggest inflows of as much as US$1.54 billion, a report says.According to data compiled by international fund tracking firm, EPFR Global, India equity funds received an inflow of US$199 million in the first week of June, which is the highest amount seen in the last 55 weeks. As per statistics available with the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) till May-end, FIIs have bought shares worth Rs 1,96,021 crore in 2009, while they sold equities valued at Rs 1,75,547 crore. The net investment of FIIs in Indian stocks touched US$4.2 billion (around Rs 20,473 crore), with prime portion of inflows coming in the golden month of May. In addition to the India-specific factors which revived FIIs interest in the stock market, experts believe that the increased FII inflow in India is part of the overseas bullish investment strategy of institutional investors in many emerging markets after a lull period of over a year.Future outlook According to financial services major Morgan Stanley, the Indian stock market is likely to outshine its global peers and the benchmark Sensex could touch the 19,000-level by the end of this year.A global market sell-off remains a key risk to ab solute performance in Indian equities though we think Indian equities will likely outperform, the Indian strategy report of Morgan Stanley said.There is 40 per cent probability of a bull run in which case the BSE Sensex could hit the 19,000 mark by the end of 2009, the report confirmed, adding that there is only 10 per cent probability of a bear run in which case the Sensex could dip to 8,600 levels. As says Ridham Desai, Managing Director, Morgan Stanley Equity Research, that when the world is awash with liquidity, India is getting its share of it through FIIs, as sectors like auto, infrastructure, banks are expected to do well during the year. With improvement in consumer confidence index in India by 0.8 per cent in April and rise in employment confidence by 3.1 per cent, first time in last 10 months, India looks for a sustained rally in the markets in coming months.http//news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/upbeat-stock-market21936.html

Components of Risk Management

Components of endangerment Management1st the definition of essay peril is scarcely a assertable threat that may occur during a item event or even in a normal day which may affect our lives in various counselings by changing the general r out(a)ine in a dramatic turn of events whether its Damage, loss, liability there is always a chance of a possible peril that may drop dead (though odds may change by the surrounding Environment, situations and the character of the risk) (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017)Examples of risk 1. Financial risk The surmise that a certain bulge out or argumentation may not cover the costs and expenses that been spent on it or even cause loss of resources.Examples of financial risk (Investinganswers.com, 2017)Economic danger is the possibility that Macroeconomic conditions like exchange rate, government economic Regime or political influences may affect the Economical state of an investment or an wide-cut countryPolitical risk is divided into two t ypes (Investopedia.com, 2017) Macro and Micro A macro risk refers to adverse actions that get out have an impact on totally foreign businesses expropriation or insurrection. On the second hand we have Micro risk and its remotely different from macro and the difference is that a little risk will affect a certain industrial field or business caused by corruption, prejudicial behavior against foreigner countries and their investments and usually will end up losing a lot of Money if they are unprepared for such turn of events. For example after Fidel Castros gained reckon over Cuba in 1959 light speed millions of dollars worth American Investments were expropriated by Castros government unfortunately most of these American businesses had no resources or alternative plans to retrieve their loss back.Liquidity risk the undermentioned situations will simplify the concept of liquidity risk (BusinessDictionary.com, 2017) Situation 1 not being able to fulfill the needs of depositors and borrowers due the lack of exchange or cash equivalents. Situation 2 sales of illiquid assets cheaper than their usual value. Situation 3 illiquid assets will not be sold in the scheduled conviction planned due to the lack of customers.2. Food industry Risk The possibility that harm may occur due to a certain hazard impact a certain magnitude.3. Work place risk The possibility that an detriment may occur during work whether the job is risky or not.2nd The Components of Risk (Project-Management.com) Risk has 3 components. These components should be taken separately one at a time in consideration while deciding how to manage a riskThe event that could happen.The possibility that an event could happen.The effects and the results if the event happens.How to begin? Analyze the possible risks that might happen to your business, life etc. Most of the Risks could be divided in two External and internal. Internal Risks Business owners have various ways to control internal risks which hap pen from day to day correspond in things like Strategies, financials and employees. External risks Such as disasters and compliance. These are hard to control, Analyze and prepare for however it could be make by a serial of preparations.The Plan (Investinganswers.com, 2017)Risk management plans guide you on your way to analyze the risk, find solutions and get ready to face that risk any given moment. though this plan doesnt describe the risk as a structure but the techniques of solving problems and facing these risks properly. Step 1 delineateing the possible risk (Gov.uk, 2017)First of all before taking any steps you should consider finding a group to think with about the possible risks. Its always better to think in groups to cover all the corners of the topic. Think of what could be threatening your business and how would it affect you and reflect on your work. You should be taking time to analyze and determine what the risks just about you are by covering all the surroundin g issues and thinking of the true potential risk and categorizing it. Categorizing risks depends on the nature of your work and your surroundings. For example if youre running a factory you should consider the risk of having technical difficulties such as the fact that machines may stop functioning or even injuries may occur indoors your factory. These elements you can control by taking the right cautious steps. These are called internal risks such as we mentioned before. However, in cases of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis etc., there is vigour much you can do about it and you may not have control over these external risk elements.2nd step in our enumerate here is prioritizing project risk (Gov.uk, 2017)And its simply determining how likely or unlikely the mentioned risks may occur and calculating the potential impact on the project may be minimal. For example a huge storm could happen and cancel few flights. Thats a risk that unlikely to happen. For exam ple a meteor shower might hit a certain area on earth and that would cause the same effect as the previous example, but its becalm unlikely to happen or it doesnt happen too often if I may say. chance scale After determining the risk, prioritizing and categorizing them, its right off time to coiffe them on the probability scale or the possibility scale Very unlikely, unlikely, possible, likely, most likelyAfter measuring how serious and likely the risk would happen, its now time to see how influential and impacting the risk is. Using the impact scale which goes as following Very Low, Low, moderate, high, very highThe techniques and the methods used to rank a risk applying probability scale and impact scaleIdentifying the risk that is most likely to happen, rank it 5.Identify the risk that is the least likely to happen, rank it 1. regularize the other risks according to how likely they may occur.Apply the previous method on the impact scale.Example no.1 flightRisk snow stormProba bility3 electrical shock 5Priority Actions Example no.2 Flight RiskMeteor showerProbability1Impact5Priority Actions designing priority Once the probability and impact have been determined, you can easily calculate the priority by multiplying its probability through its impact. By this method you should be able to reorder your risk list in order of your own priorities.Example no.1 flightRisk snow stormProbability3Impact 5Priority 15Actions Example no.2 Flight RiskMeteor showerProbability1Impact5Priority 5Actions As we mentioned earlier that each environment has its risks and each situation has a set of risks. This leads us to our next point. estimate typifys the definition of hazard maps (Earthquake.usgs.gov, 2017) A hazard map is a highlighted map spotting dangerous areas that affected or vulnerable to a certain hazard or risk such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides etc.. Hazard maps are created and used too often to expose the areas of high risk however hazard maps h as various uses. For example the one created by the U.S Geological resume which is used by American Insurance Agencies in order to maintain insurance covered citizens safe for living in hazardous areas. This leads us to a very important point which is event history.Event history The only purpose of event history is to record, analyze and explain why certain large number are at higher risks than others. This can be done by a special sort of static methods depending on the matter which is discussed. The first mavin requirement to make an event history analysis is event history entropy.The definition of event history (members.home.nl/, 2017) Its simply a static or a series of events recorded by the date and time which happened to an individual or a series of individuals. For Example an event history might be constructed by asking a series of question to a sample of people or making a survey which will report the dates of any quondam(prenominal) changes in marital status (for examp le). Risk appetite A way to help and lead an organization organization to approach risk and risk management. The definition of Risk appetite (theirm.com, 2017) Its the amount of risk that a certain organization is able to tolerate and accept in the quest of its objectives and before the action is considered necessary. This done to reduce the risk since it works as a balance between the perks of creativity and the risk that change inevitably brings.Levels of Risk appetite Averse Avoiding risk and uncertainty. Minimal tendency to maximum safe options that is low on risk for a limited reward. Cautious tendency to safe side options that have a minimal degree of risk and may have limited potential for a reward. Open Willing to consider all options, the safe side mapping and the risky side as well and choose the one most likely to give better results. Hungry eager to be innovative and free to take the risks by choosing options with higher or better rewards despite the obvious risk, howe ver the risk could be reduced by measuring the odds, though microscopic measurement isnt always possible. By defining the risk appetite an organization can make a perfect balance between innovation and monish for better results and higher, safer profits. However if a risk occurred and it already happened well need to use methods called Risk manipulation.The definition of risk treatment (simplicable.com, 2017) A risk treatment protocol or method which simply shows you how to manage a risk process all of its contents and treat it with various solutions.Avoidance The first way to solve a problem is to avoid it and not needing to deal with it which in this case not taking the risk at all by avoiding its actions and staying out of its direction for a safe result.Reduction You can always stay safe, always be prepared for the risk, for example wearing a life chapiter when you go out for a swim, that way you will reduce the risk of drowning.Risk acceptance Also known as risk retention w hich is simply choosing to take the risk instead of avoiding it.How to assess the risk? (Gov.uk, 2017) There are few things you need to know if you want to assess the risk.1st you need to identify the risks and the hazards such as we mentioned before. 2nd you need to know who would get harmed by these hazards. 3rd evaluate the risks. 4th record your researches and studies about the risk. 5th review your judgement to make sure that everything is going as planned.Risk management process 1st youd need to identify the hazards as usual and make sure that you study all the sides of these hazards. 2nd risk identification youd want to be fully aware of the risk and the hazards caused by it. For example Hazard worn out wires on electric items. Riskworker might get electrocuted. 3rd risk assessment as its really importantto evaluate the odds of an injury occurring along with the possible consequences. Thats why risk assessment is based on two factors.The possible impact of any injury caused by a hazard and the possibility that the injury will happen, a risk matrix should be used in this type of situations.Risk Matrix (Brighthub Project Management, 2017) Is a matrix used during the risk assessment to categorize the various levels of risk and the amount of harm that can be predicted to happen during a specific event an accident. Forexample, the level of risk could be measured and calculated as the result of possibility that harm could occur multiplied by the severity of that harm. Catastrophic Numerous Deaths.Critical 1 Death or Several Severe Injuries. borderline 1 Severe Injury or several(prenominal) Minor Injuries. Negligible 1 Minor InjuryNegligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Certain High High Extreme Extreme Likely split up on High High Extreme Possible Low Moderate High Extreme Unlikely Low Low Moderate Extreme RareLow Low Moderate High 4th risk control (riskcontrolstrategies.com, 2017) Urgent actions must be taken for risk assessed as critical or high risk , the actions include Instructions for contiguous cessation of Activity, Isolation of the hazard, Prioritizing and immediate reacts to the hazard along with few improvements that can be done quickly, Training workers to be able to deal with the hazard properly and finally Daily check on the hazard to prevent any catastrophic losses.5th branch diagrams (risk diagrams) (smartdraw.com, 2017)This analysis method is often used in safety engineering to fancy out and determine how system can break or fail to analyze how to reduce risk or determine rates and statics of safety accidents. And its ordinarily used nuclear powers and chemicals processing. Fault tree analysis can be used to understand the concept to the risk event. First Show the guidelines with the input system safety. Second Prioritize the circumstances leading to the hazard event. Third Monitor and insure safer performance. Fourth Control over resources. Fifth Assist building a system and a matrix. Sixth Diagnosis and ident ifying and avoid the causes of the top event.6th Risk register (Brighthub Project Management, 2017) National risks register Is a national warrantor strategy was first published by the government back in 2008. Aiming to provide advices on how people and business can stay safe by preparing themselves for civil emergencies, there was another update in January 2012 and it was a fulfilling update to the 2008s register. Such register contained all the governments likelihood and potential emergencies risks made by several emergencies and hazards according to natural and industrial occurring hazards that may affect the United Kingdom.2. Local risk Register Whatever risk we face daily, it depends on where we live, how we live and the nature of environment around us. Flooding for example will be limited to certain areas of the country, while the odds of an industrial risk will depend on the type of industry and the place each area has its own set of risks. For example living by the coast cou ld put you at the risk of a tsunami or a flood. Each area is special when it comes to risks. Therefore, the government provides guidance and instructions on how to act or what to do during this kind of events. It also shows how to castigate and how to treat these risks and how to be prepared before any risk hits suddenly.7th Dynamic Risk Assessment (KPMG, 2017) DRA was developed by KPMG aggroup A team of scientists, mathematicians and economists. Its considered a huge step forward in the risk Assessment field which depends on theories, sophisticated algorithms, mathematics and advanced well processed data to identify and analyze risk in a 4th dimensional view. This allows professionals to see where risk can be considered critical or even crack contagion. The threat is measured and calculated before the event to prevent its occurring.References BusinessDictionary.com. (2017). When was the last time you said this?. online Available at http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ris k.html Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.KPMG. (2017). Dynamic Risk Assessment. online Available at https//home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/services/audit/dynamic-risk-assessment.html Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Imagineeducation.com.au. (2017). Imagine Education Australia. online Available at http//www.imagineeducation.com.au/files/CHC30113/6_Steps_to_Risk_Manageme Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Project-Management.com. (2017). What are the Components of Risk?. online Available at https//project-management.com/what-are-the-components-of-risk/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017. Spacey, J. (2017). 5 Types of Risk Treatment. online Simplicable. Available at http//simplicable.com/new/risk-treatment Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Gov.uk. (2017). Risk assessment how the risk of emergencies in the UK is assessed GOV.UK. online Available at https//www.gov.uk/guidance/risk-assessment-how-the-risk-of-emergencies-in-the-uk-is-assessed Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Earthquake.usgs.gov. (2017). Introduction to the National Seismic Hazard Maps. online Availab le at https//earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/learn/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Project-Management.com. (2017). What are the Components of Risk?. online Available at https//project-management.com/what-are-the-components-of-risk/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.KPMG. (2017). Dynamic Risk Assessment. online Available at https//home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/services/audit/dynamic-risk-assessment.html Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Brighthub Project Management. (2017). What Is a Risk Register? invoice Free Template. online Available at http//www.brighthubpm.com/risk-management/3247-creating-a-risk-register-a-free-excel-template/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Smartdraw.com. (2017). Fault Tree Diagram What is a Fault Tree and Fault Tree Analysis?. online Available at https//www.smartdraw.com/fault-tree/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Theirm.org. (2017). Risk appetite and tolerance. online Available at https//www.theirm.org/knowledge-and-resources/thought-leadership/risk-appetite-and-tolerance/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.Risk Control Strateg ies. (2017). Risk Control Strategies Threat Security Solutions. online Available at https//www.riskcontrolstrategies.com/ Accessed 22 Mar. 2017.

Women in America Essays -- essays research papers fc

The Evolution of Women in SocietyThroughout United States history oppression of plurality has always been prominent, whether through African Americans and segregation or Asian Americans during the Vietnam War. What is often ignored is our history of the oppression of women. No matter what time in history, there is always a case to be found of the discrimination over gender. Many people know of how African Americans came into freedom and the long perilous road it took, but few know the struggles, changes and hardships that women have perceived to get where they are today. As the complaisant war halted and industrialization and urbanization came into play, the role of women changed dramatically and their status in the society in the aspects of employment, equal-rights, and in the home.Women entered the work force suddenly and abruptly. With the advent of typewriters, clerical work, and assembly lines, women were looked for more and more to fill labor positions. Although the typewrit er was not responsible for the employment of women as clerical workers its existence probably facilitated or eased the entering of women into offices (Binder 68). Also expansions in industrial and retail sectors saw women employment in clerical jobs skyrocket. In 1920, the amount of women in clerical work was over 12 times that in 1880 (Norton 341). Some women were getting supervising jobs but they posed no threat to male managers (Norton 3...

Understanding the Modern Consumer Culture :: BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Understanding the Modern Consumer CultureIn The Rise of Consumer Society in Britain, John Benson identifies consumer societies as those in which choice and credit are readily available, in which social value is defined in terms of purchasing big businessman and material possessions, and in which there is a desire, above all, for that which is radical, modern, exciting and fashionable. For decades research on the history of consumerism had been winding the clock up to the nineteenth century as the starting point of a culture of consumption that fits Bensons description. For societies like these to exist, there needed to be a fair portion of the population with replete money to purchase goods beyond daily necessities there needed to be powerful productive forces to make enough goods available and allow for new strategies of marketing and selling there also needed to be a tendency among people to start investing social meanings and emotions in the acquisition of goods. Industrializa tion, these histories tell us, inclined(p) the ground for a consumer culture to develop thanks to malleable markets, large return lines, rise of shopping, advertising, marketing, etc. In Consumer Culture and Modernity, Don Slater argues against a productivist bias which misleads into believing that production is the engine and essence of modernization (p. 16). Through a brilliant overview of the literature of revisionist historians, he traces the development of consumer culture from the present daylight to the early modern period. A consumer revolution, with the characteristics Benson suggested, was emerging as early as the sixteenth century. A new world of goods deriving from colonial exploitation guide to a wide penetration of consumer goods into the lives and homes of more social classes. Towards the eighteenth century a growing consuming public bred a desire for the new and created new demands and new styles. Contemporary features of consumer culture existed in the early mod ern mind, but they were recognizable in different forms. Under the disguise of commerce and trade, non production or consumption, the early modern man came to contact with a new ideology of free exchange, not only of goods and services, but of ideas, opinions, and meanings as well. Consumer culture, according to Slater, is not a reference to a recent phenomenon it is rather part of a new terminology that came to replace the notion of civil society, which itself is born to modernity. The ideal of free individuals rationally pursuing their interests in a free market a notion so much cherished within consumer culture stands at the totality of the project of modernity in the eighteenth century.